Los Angeles Or Baltimore

Today in West Civ. we watched and then compared two different commercials advertising for Baltimore, Maryland and Los Angeles. They both left out a lot of information that would affect the tourist's decisions. For example, if the visitor would have been told the crime rate and the poverty population of the city,  they would most likely change their minds. But Los Angeles's video was more detailed, vibrant, and colorful resulting in a pleasant appearance. It was creative, showing an entire days worth of activities. While Baltimore showed a few different places in a different color scheme creating a less appealing look. They both tried to appeal to different age groups, while the commercial for Los Angeles showed activities for all the age groups.
These videos gave our class, examples for our own video advertising Athens or Sparta. We are allowed to create a poem, song, commercial, tri-fold board, and etc.

Geography of Greece

Today in class, we went over a PowerPoint and took notes.

Mediterranean- means center of the Earth or world

Geography of Greece

               Mountainous Peninsulas

• Mountains covered 3/4
• Approximately 1,400 islands in the Aegean and lonean sea.  
• Location shaped its culture
• Skilled sailors
• Poor natural resources
• Difficult to unite the ancient Greeks because of the terrain, developed small, independent communities.
• About 20% suitable for farming
• Fertile valleys covered 1/4 of peninsula
• Because of geography the Greek diet consisted of grains, grapes, and olives
• Lack of resources most likely led to Greek colonization
• Temperatures ranged from 48 degrees in the winter, to 80 degrees in the summer

Mycenaean:

• Began around 2000 BC
• Mycenae was located on a rocky ridge and was protected by a 20 ft. thick wall.
• Their kings dominated Greece from 1600- 1200 BC
• Controlled trade in the region
• 1400 BC Mycenaeans invaded Crete and absorbed Minoan culture and language

Culture in Decline-

• Around 1200 BC, sea people began to invade Mycenae and burnt every palace to the ground
• The dorians moved into the war-torn region
• Far less advanced
• Economy collapsed
• Writing disappeared for 400 year called the dark age.

Homer and Myths

• Stories were passed by word of mouth
• Homer lived in the Dark Ages
• Recorded stories of the Trojan war
• The Iliad and The Odyssey
• Written in 750-700 BC
• Epic poems written in verse and song
• Odyssey was 12,110 lines of dactylic hexameter

LO 3- Citizens and Communities: The Greek City-States

Today in class Mr. Schick was not here and "Mr. Kappel" lead the discussion about Ancient Greece City states. It was helpful to read the section before and then go over the PowerPoint or outline.

 

 City-States-

• Tribal communities developed into city-states
• City-states were small places about a few square miles each.
• Athens and Sparta were the size as a couple of US counties
• Usually each town or city-state consisted of a couple thousand, while Athens may have reached as many as 250,000
• Fiercely competitive communities that often fought
• The town would be built around a hill, and on top of the hill there would be an acropolis.
• Acropolis was a combination of fortress and temple precinct
• Each community worshiped their own god or goddess.
• In each city-state, all of the members had an equal share.
• The Greek language was the first to have a word for a citizen.
• Couldn’t afford paid soldiers, so they used their citizens

City- States and Citizens

• The Greek city-states first developed at the same time the Assyrians rose to power westward from Mesopotamia.
• Greece was not controlled by a universal empire, allowing the city-states to fight among themselves
• Poorer citizens fought as light-armed infantry, annoying the enemy before the stronger part of the army would attack
• There was no reason to fight in an individual state because they were all related somehow
• Greeks were protected by many miles of sea and land.
• Each city-state relied on their own army of their male citizens
• Hoplites were heavily armed and armored citizen-soldier.
• Hoplites equipped themselves with bronze helmets and armor, round shields, long spears with iron blades, and short iron swords.
• Phalanx- a unit of several hundred hoplites, who closed ranks by joining shields when approaching the enemy.
• Each city-state was thought to have been developed by a family or clan.

Monarchy, Oligarchy, tyranny, and Democracy

• Different types of government were based off of monarchy
• Monarchy-
• government by king, that lead to other types of government
• Oligarchy-
• rule by few
• a minority of citizens dominated the government and the power of majority was limited in various ways.
• Sparta was an oligarchy
• Tyranny-
• Rule by self-proclaimed dictator
• Democracy-
• A form of government in which all adult male citizens were entitled to take part in decision making.
• Athens was the most powerful Democracy government

Sparta: The Military ideal

• Spartans were descendants of the Greeks who had conquered part of southwest mainland.
• Spartans were descendants of Greeks who conquered the southern mainland
• They would push west for rich soil
• Spartan citizens were outnumbered ten to one with noncitizens
• Made up of landowners who owned helots.
• Helots- noncitizen forced to work for landholders.
• The conquers became victims of their own success.
• Had two kings, a council of 30 elders over 60, and 5 officials
• To hold the helots, Spartans would have to have a government that allowed domination from their own kind
• Main executive authority were five officials elected annually, and they were usually elder
• Their way of life dedicated male citizens to the state
• The males were made as warriors
• At age of seven boys were taken from their families and would go on an extreme life of physical and military training
• They were allowed to marry after 20, and bachelors were punished
• After the Spartans were starting to lose battles, Aristotle said that women were useless for war, so trying to protect the Spartans tough life, they tried to seal off their state due to the fact that there best trait, war, was losing out
• Most Spartans would pay to have their system stay as is
• Women in Sparta were free, but couldn’t hold office. This created admiration and disapproval from the Greeks.
• Women would still have to go into physical training, but not as intense of the males

Athens: Freedom and Power

• Believed the Spartan life was not worth living.
• Made jokes about the Spartan way of life
• Athens was not agricultural and landlocked like Sparta but rather carried on prosperous commerce and access to the sea
• Strengthened navy instead of army, welcomed people in
• Athens was not agricultural and landlocked like Sparta but rather carried on prosperous commerce and access to the sea
• Was the opposite of Sparta, and had more literature and art.
• Was more ambitious for conquest.
• Grew to be the wealthiest and most powerful city-states.
• Had more social and political conflicts from the aristocrats.
• Aristocrats- members of prominent and ling-established Athenian families.
• Some women got education.

Monarchy to Democracy

• Athenians passed through several stages of political growth, beginning with monarchy and including oligarchy and tyranny.
• Aristocrats were the leader instead of rulers.
• Two turning points
• Persian War- Athens led Greeks to victory
• Led to Golden Age
• The Peloponnesian War
• Between the Spartan and Athenians
• Athens was defeated and never recovered.

The Persian war

• Persians conquered a realm that stretched from the border of India to the Nile and the Aegean.
• For the first time, an universal empire had come within striking distance to with the Greeks.
• Persians were able to conquer the Greeks west of Asia Minor.
• When Athenian upstarts rebelled, the Persian King, Darius I, extended his control into mainland Greece.
• Then two expeditions were sent to the mainland Greeks, which were lost and won by the Athenians.
• Spartan armies defeated Persians, made them make a peace treaty

The Workings of Democracy: The Assembly

• Democracy was in the hand of an assembly of adult male citizens, where all decisions were made.
• Meetings were held once a week
• Voting was a show of hands.
• Debates were spirited
• Kept checks and balances
• Had 10 generals, voted each year
• Army could not take power
• In court, 500 men were rounded up, so many people were involved
• No lawyers, spoke for themselves
• Slaves were more free

The Working of Democracy: Officials and Courts

• Aristocratic power, The Council of Five Hundred and one thousand public officials

 

 

Summary of Class Notes and Discussion

-4000 B.C.- farming and village life spread form Sumerians and Egyptian lands across SW Asia and NE Africa, and the European continents

• 3500 B.C.- some are organized enough to construct megaliths, massive rough cut stones used to construct monuments and tombs, such as Stonehenge(finished in 2000 BC), consisting of 160 massive boulders weighing up to 50 tons each, stacked and circled and aligned to the movements of the sun.
• From 2500 BC on- Indo- European nomads migrated from the steppes in Eastern Europe.
• Language would evolve into Greek and Latin
• Their lives would revolve around strength and courage, comradeship and loyalty, contests and battle
• Arete- anything you do in life, is done to the best ability
• Thinner populations that Egypt or Mesopotamia- they formed tribes, social and political unit consisting of communities held together by common interests, traditions, and real or mythical ties of kinship.
• Tribes were headed by powerful hereditary chieftains, thought of as kings.
• This is how Europe came to be populated by speakers of Indo-European languages who were skilled in farming, metalworking, trade, and warfare.
• There is no records, no fixed structures of government
• They adopted the way of life of those they encountered, and as they traveled from 2000 BC to AD 1000, this is how civilization eventually spread throughout Europe.
• The distinctive civilization the Greeks developed is the first that counts as definitely Western.

Pyramid Game

Today in class we were supposed to play a game about building a pyramid on the computer, which seems somewhat relevant, but it wasn't. It was kind of hard to win, because it was basically a game of chance. It may have been fun, if my group could have finished it or not get a 14/20 on the assignment.

LO-1- European Barbarians

The Barbarian Way of Life

• Barbarian is the term to describe the distinct way of life based on farming, warfare, and tribal organization that became widespread in Europe beginning around 2500 B.C.
• With them came an advance in population, wealth by 3500 B.C.
• As civilization started to settle down into areas and regions, new ethnics and influences of ways of life were formed.
• People of this region began to speak languages of Indo-European origin.
• Lives were centered around strength and courage, loyalty and battle.
• All wealth of a person would go to the grave with him.
• Main business of life was still farming.
• Lived in villages that housed the entire distant family
• Population was much thinner that Mesopotamia and Egypt
• Formed tribes that would meet once in a while for trading purposes
• Tribes would have a leader or king
• A tribe is a social and political unit consisting of a group of communities held together by common interest, traditions, and real or mythical ties of kinship.
• Skilled in farming, metal work, trade, and welfare
• Over a period of three thousand years, they came into contact with civilization, the contacts were mostly peaceful but sometimes warlike
• Over time the Barbarians adopted the way of life of other civilizations they encountered
• Civilization eventually spread throughout Europe

Cyber Day Essays #2

Technological Advances that Contributed to the Long Lasting Civilization of the Ancient Egyptians

                  The ancient Egyptians medical treatments and knowledge of the human body still amaze archeologists today, because of the method of preserving bodies that last for thousands of years. Based on their religion, Egyptians used a process of mummification to preserve pharaoh's bodies for use in the afterlife. They had scribes that wrote everything down about the processes used and anatomy of the human body. This knowledge of the body and medical treatments for illness showed an advance for medicine. Even though they believed illnesses were caused by demons, they still knew it was an infection, they still created magical potions for cures for common ailments.

                 The mummification began with the removal internal organs, followed with a salt solution left on for about forty days to remove all the moisture from the body. Then the body was covered in various layers of perfumed oils and resigns then wrapped in linen strips. After layers of this were put on the body, the mummy was placed on a wooden board with another layer of resigns to connect the body to the board. A religious bird was placed on the abdomen and a pouch was put on the chest. Then the body was covered with a long linen sheet that was painted red. Egyptian symbols of protection and rebirth were painted on the mummy and his name was written in Greek at the feet.

              Egyptians also were very advanced in using the Nile river for many useful ways. Egyptians used it not only for irrigation, but for a source of transportation. After centuries of floating canoes down the river with supplies and manually carrying the boat back on land, they invented sailboats that could travel upstream back to the original location. 

              Another extremely useful technology was created by astronomers in Ancient Egypt. It was the first 365 day calendar based on the seasons for crops and moon locations. This invention allowed Egyptians to see the pattern of events yearly. The Nile flooded every July, leaving behind rich fertile silt in October. This helped the farming schedule.

Three Main Features of Egyptian Pyramids

             The Egyptian pyramids were built to provide protection for their god-like pharaoh for use of the body in the afterlife. The pharaohs were buried with their valuable possessions such as, gold, jewelry, and family members or beloved pets. The pyramids must have been thought out and made well, to keep out grave robbers that could steal the valuables from the tombs. Egyptians used blocks that weighted around 5000 tons each. They were covered in marble, which was then striped off during the Islamic conquest. The pyramids were filled with different form of art painted on the walls. The paintings usually depicted scenes of the afterlife and were drawn in the same perspective each time.

          Many pyramids had a type of animal with either a head of a hum and body of an animal or vis versa. For example the Great Sphinx Pyramid, which was built in 2555-2532 B.C., had a head of a human with a body of a lion. But unfortunately, part of the head was shot off.

Cyber Day Essays #1

Social Hierarchy of the Ancient Egyptians Lives

 

               Ancient Egypt was a highly successful civilization that survived at least 3000 year, even longer than Christianity and Judaism has been around. Life in Egypt depended on your social ranking, which determined your job and wealth. Egyptians believed in gods and goddesses that controlled natural events, flooding etc.

              The different social rankings can be interpreted as a pyramid. Of course, at the top was the pharaoh and his wives and family. The pharaoh was basically the king or leader of Egypt. He had the titles, "lord of the two lands", and "high priest of every temple." The pharaoh was believed to be in communication with the gods and goddesses. He would communicate with them on behalf of humans. And he meet with the gods in the afterlife. The pharaoh was worshipped by the people as a god and was all powerful. The pharaoh was responsible for keeping harmony and balance of the universe in order, for example not allowing floods to occur or a drought. If a natural event such as an earthquake or drought was to occur, the pharaoh would be held accountable and he would be impeached from his reign and a new pharaoh would take his place. He or she was also in charge of collecting taxes, defending Egypt, owning all of the land, making laws, and conquering other lands. Each Pharaoh had multiple wives, one of which usually was his sister. 

            The next category of people were the upper class, containing government officials, high priests, and etc. They were often known as "White Kilt Class," because of their clean non-dirty shirts that other people would get dirty doing their job. They were quite wealthy and able to purchase new clothes to change into, where as other down the social pyramid could not.

            Following the upper class on the pyramid were the soldiers. Soldiers back in Ancient Egypt could have rood in chariots pulled by horses and used wooden weapons with bronze tips. The bronze tips used shows an advance in their civilization, resulting in being able to melt metals to create tools.

            Then there were the scribes. Scribes were responsible for keeping written records, telling stories, writing poetry, and describing anatomy and medical treatments. They wrote in Hieroglyphics which was made up of pictures and paintings of actions rather than an alphabet. Scribes used ink to write on papyrus.  

            Continuing down the pyramid, next is the merchants. They accepted bags of grain as a form of payment. They eventually invented a form of currency after centuries of trading and bartering.

            Artisans came after merchants. Artisans usually carved statues and reliefs, all having to do with religion and military events/battles. They also painted scenes of what the afterlife was believed resemble. Most of the paintings were painted at the same side angle.

           Then there were the farmers, raising wheat, barley, lentils, and onions. They benefited greatly by the invention of irrigation and the Nile river, after all the Nile provided life for all Egyptians.

          Finally, at the bottom of the social ranking pyramid, are the slaves. Slaves lived with their masters and were considered part of the family, that did the work that others don’t want to do. They usually did household chores, like child raising. Slaves in Ancient Egypt were nothing like the slavery in the south. They weren't whipped and they were treated as a part of the family. Slaves probably liked their job any way.

 

Egyptian Life Centered Around the Nile River

          The Nile river flowed for South to North, which is the opposite of every other river in the world. Without the Nile the Egyptian civilization would not have lasted nearly as long as it did. It was an essential part of the average everyday life of an Egyptian. Farmers needed it for irrigation to grow their crops, without a continuous supply of food, the civilization could have come to an end or not have advanced to the extent it did.

           The Nile was a source for drinking, irrigation, bathing, and transportation. It provided rich silt every July for farmers, and it flooded every July. It emptied out into the Mediterranean Sea. The entire civilization was centered around the river, and 95 percent of the population lived along the river.

           As the Egyptian society advanced, the sailboat was invented. The Nile was then used for transportation. Egyptians would use the current to float supplies to another area, but never could get the boat back using the river. Once the sailboats were created, people could float the boats back up stream, making transportation faster.

Typical Class Day

Today we didn't get much done, just preparing for the test whenever the next day of school is. I feel like the class needs to focus more though and respect others trying to learn, so the class can move on to other chapters. At this rate, we won't get much done, but that can be also be a result of the weird weather Bel Air has been having this year. But towards the end of class, people started to settle down and pay attention. Over all, we talked about the "Cyber day" we will be doing whenever Harford Country cancels schools due to snow. It isn't really fair, because I will have homework for classes that I don't even have that day, but I am happy that we can gain a day of school that we don't have to make up on another day.

Mummification Video

Today in class we watched two short videos. One was on the mummification process and the other was a "Crash Course" about Ancient Egypt.

• Mummification Video
• Mummy of Herakleides that died when he was 20 in the first century A.D
• Egyptians used a method to preserve the body for its use in the afterlife.
• First all of the organs were removed from the body, sometime leaving the heart.
• Then the body is covered in a salt solution for 40 days making sure that all of the moisture is drained from the body. 
• The body was coated with perfumed oils and resigns resulting in a water resistant body.
• The more resign was put onto the body acting as glue for the first layer of linen.
• Then the mummy was put on a wooden board and more resign and linen covered the body connecting the board to the mummy.
• "Religious" pouch was placed on the mummy's chest
• A mummified bird was then placed on the abdomen
• Then another layer of resign or glue coated the mummy
• Long horizontal stripes of linen were placed, as a head of the pharaoh was placed over the mummy's head.
• Then a large linen cloth was wrapped around the body
• Painted red which is rare and throughout history was only done to this mummy
• Egyptian symbols of protection and rebirth were painted on the mummy. 
• Then his name was written in Greek at the feet.

All about Egypt Plus Social Ranking Pyramid

 

More information on the Topic of Egypt discussed in class today:

 

 

Geography 

•Life was centered around the Nile River

•Water was used for drinking, irrigation, bathing, and transportation

•Every July it floods

•Every October is leaves behind rich soil

•The Delta is a broad, marshy triangular area of fertile silt.

•Managing the river required technological advances such as the calendar to plan according to the yearly floods.

 

Pyramids- The Great Sphinx of Giza

•Built in 2555- 2532 B.C.

•A recumbent lion with a head of a human being.

•The oldest monumental statue in the world
 

Daily Life-

•Pharaoh

◦Called the Leader of Egypt, "Lord of the Two Lands," and high priest of every temple.

◦He or she collected taxes, defended Egypt, owned all land, and made laws

•Government Officials-

◦ Included the nobles and upper class

◦Sometimes called the White kilt class

•Soldiers-

◦Used wooden weapons with bronze tips- showing the advance in tool making and melting metals

◦Might have ridden chariots

•Scribes-

◦Kept records, told stories, wrote poetry, and describe anatomy and medical treatments

•Merchants-

◦Accepted bags of grain as payment

◦Over time invented a system of currency

•Artisans-

◦Would carve statues and reliefs showing military battles and scenes in the afterlife

•Farmers-

◦Raised wheat, barley, lentils, and onions

◦Benefited from irrigation

•Slaves-

◦Helped the wealthy with household chores and child raising activities.

 

Lo-3- The Land of the Pharaohs- Egypt

The Nile and the "Two Lands"

• Egypt is divided into two sections- Two Lands.
• The cycle of labor and of life itself depended on its annual flooding and receding of the Nile.
• Around 3100 B.C. the two lands were unified under a simple king.
• Country's rulers were known as pharaoh's.

Government by a god-King

• For the Egyptians, the pharaoh was to be obeyed as a man given power by the gods and venerated as a god who dwelt among men.
• It was up to the pharaoh to control the stability and harmony of nature.
• The pharaoh was believed by the people to have been chosen by the gods to conduct the rituals and sacrifices that won their favor and made sure they did their work of upholding the universe.
• All of Egypt belonged to the pharaoh

Men and Women Under the Pharaohs

• The women who were closest to the pharaoh, the King's mother and principal wife, had a touch of divinity
• The pharaoh had many wives and a principal wife
• Female pharaohs weren't often, but were said to undermine maat.
• Daughters equally inherited wealth and property, but not government positions.

Gods, Humans, and Everlasting Life

• Though there were many gods, there was still one main god that had made them all or that ruled over the rest of the gods. 
• After the pharaoh was said to be immortal, ideas started to form that there was an afterlife, in which the soul goes to after death in everyone not just the pharaoh.

The Writing of the Words of God

• Writing began for religious needs, instead of record keeping.
• The hieroglyphs-
• The earliest Egyptian writing
• Was devised about 3100 B.C. as a part of carvings and paintings intended to honor the pharaohs.
• Pictures of events instead of letters and words
• Written with ink on papyrus
• Usually having to do with religious buildings and words

Calendar and Sailboats

• Egyptians understood the knowledge of sickness, but believed it was caused by a demon entering the body.
• They had magical formulas and healing drugs used by physicians and surgeons.
• They wrote books about disease and established medical buildings and schools.
• Egyptians built large boats with sails to improve water transportation.

Pyramids and Temples

• Pyramids were mainly religiously based on the fact that their god-like king went to on.
• Most were mainly built under the rule of King Khufu around 2650 B.C.
• They were made with blocks that weighed 5000 pounds each.
• The humanistic quality of the pyramids are evident due to the tomb paintings of human forms.

The Rhythm of Egypt's History

• Because of rivalry between the pharaohs and lack of officials, dynasties were cut down by failure to produce heirs.
• There were times when Egypt broke down into fragments, each with their own pharaoh
• Therefor there were different states of prosperity, stability, and unity of Egypt.
• In 2200 B.C. there was a series of weak pharaohs, leading to local officials gaining rule.
• By then the world around Egypt was changing and this country was not the most powerful anymore, and Egypt started to have to worry about conquering other countries.

All About Bad Weather and More

Today our class was shorten due to bad weather. The John Carroll School is getting out early, at 10 AM. We talked about a plan, to stay in school through the bad weather, called the "Double S Bell." It lets you gain a day of school, during the night time. School would start at 8 AM and end at 2:40, and then start again at 8 PM and end at 2:40 in the morning, therefor avoiding accidents from weather, and resulting in a gain of a day in school.

Hammurabi's Code

Today as a class, we further discussed Hammurabi's code. It was the first form of laws or rules to eliminate crime among the civilization. By reading Hammurabi's code, we can infer that there was slavery back then. And a higher power, such as lower class and higher class. As far as slavery, goes the punishments were harsh. For example, one law states that if a slave questions his master's authority, then he or she must have their ear cut off.  By cutting off a slave's ear, rather than a hand, ensures that the slaves can continue to work after the punishment. A person can work without an ear. By one slave with a harsh noticeable punishment, other slaves can look upon them and acknowledge  the punishment, and make a "mental note" not to do the same thing.  In all, a punishment should teach you something, therefore your behavior can improve. Also the institution of marriage means something to the people of Babylon. Their relationships mean something to them. And the man has more power over a women, and compared to the king and the slave. They believe the crime should be more punishable depending on the authority of the victim of the crime. Their society is the beginning of biased and superior behavior.

From prehistoric History to Civilization

• Prehistory- the millions of years in which human beings appeared on the Earth, spread across the planet, and advanced in organization and skills.
• The earliest development began around 3000 B.C.
• For a civilization had to be strong enough to conquer other villages and trade with them.

Before Civilization- The Prehistoric Era

• This Era ended with the rise of civilized societies producing permanent writing records.
• Human began to walk on two legs as the human race evolved, being able to use their hands to produce more.
• Human's tools were manly made out of stone and wood.
• Paleolithic age-
• Began with the earliest human types. With the appearance of present day humans and occurred when the pace of human's advancing tools speed up.
• Neolithic Age-
• Humans began to replace stone with metal.
• All humans beings lived as migratory hunters, fishers, and gatherers. They sheltered in caves or in temporary huts.
• Women were many responsible for caring for the children, and the women would produce a fewer amount of children.
• Sometimes early humans bury the dead, because they still felt the importance of their fellow friends.

Agricultural Revolution-

• Human beings began to shift from migrators, hunters, and gatherers to a settled and farming lifestyle.
• Framing provides a reliable source of food for these humans.
• There was a steep rise in population as a result of a food source
• Human groups began to form as wealth, status, and power began important.
• In Asia, the domesticating of animals helped with farming. Bread, beer, wine, cheese, cloth, leather, and etc. were invented. As families started to build their own homes out of brick.
• These houses would have their own set of tools and food.
• The importance of a family arose, as humans relied on each other for tasks he or she could not complete.
• Partnership between a male and a female existed, with marriage and divorce.
• Human realized there was a cause and effect of everything and they became polytheist, worshiping gods for nature elements, hoping that they would help their crops.
• Jobs for a specify person were assigned to one another, therefor relying on one another even more to survive.
• Trade and bartering between each other started so one person didn’t have to do everything for themselves.
• It was important to make sure that their offspring was indeed their offspring, so that they could pass their wealth to the next generation.
• Wheat was the main crop, because it could be stored for a long period of time and many foods can be made with it.

The Earliest Cities: Mesopotamia-

• This civilization emerged around 3500 B.C and was based on the importance of others relying another.
• Sumer-
• A city filled with rivers and swamps with little rain.
• Irrigation was invented and first used.
• Population was the most in this city
• Conquered other villages to gain more food and new technologies and tools